Epic of Beowulf Essay - Shields in the Epic Poem, Beowulf

Shields in the poem Beowulf Shields, a defensive weapon menti aned in the poem Beowulf, include a variety of compositions from wood to iron and this is entirely in accord with archaeological finds. There are a considerable number of references to shields in the poem, making this topic a very relevant one to consider. Weapons could be heirlooms, and royal treasuries and armories still preserve arms and weapons from earlier days, so imagination in this area need not be confined to coetaneous artifacts (304), says Catherine M. Hills in Beowulf and Archaeology. Before turning to the archaeological evidence, lets look at the Beowulf poem, where one finds copious references to shields. As Beowulf and his party approach the Danish state of matter From high on a wall the Scylding watcher whose duty it was to guard the sea-cliffs saw glinting shield-bosses passed hand to hand down the gangplank, an armys war-gear (229-32) The Scylding watchman is still talking Never mo re openly have warriors landed when carrying shields, and you have no leave from our men of battle, agreement with kinsmen (244-6) Beowulf explains to the ship-guard We come with good nitty-gritty to the land of the Danes, to seek out your lord, the son of Healfdene, shield of the people (267-9) By the time the Geats arrived at Heorot, they were tired and had to sit down The sea-weary men set their handsome shields, spell-hardened rims, against the high wall, eased down on benches (325-27) ... ... the Sutton Hoo ShipBurial. In Beowulf The Donaldson Translation, change by Joseph F. Tuso. New York, W.W.Norton and Co. 1975 Chickering, Howell D.. Beowulf A dual-Language Edition. New York Anchor Books, 1977. Clark, George. Beowulf. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1990. Cramp, Rosemary. Beowulf and Archaeology. In TheBeowulf Poet, edited by Donald K. Fry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Hills, Catherine M. Beowulf and Archaeology. In A Beowul f Handbook, edited by Robert Bjork and John D. Niles. Lincoln, Nebraska Uiversity of Nebraska Press, 1997. Shields. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. New York Columbia University Press, 2000. www.bartleby.com/65/. Stanley, E.G.. Beowulf. In The Beowulf Reader, edited by Peter S. Baker. New York Garland Publishing, 2000.

Sambia And Hutterite Societal Threats :: essays research papers

Threats are everywhere. Every community in the world faces whatever sort of threats from time to time. These threats flock be large or sm all(prenominal), can come from inside or outside of the colony, and can have devastating pee-pee on the group as a whole or as individuals. Quite often, parallels can be drawn between societies that have nothing to everything in commons. This is found when comparing two dramatically different groups in the Sambia and the Hutterites.When first comparing the Hutterites and Sambia, one notices the glaring differences. The Sambia are a tribe living in the jungles of New Guinea. The Hutterites are a group that lives communally on large farm areas. The Sambia live what looks to most an uncivilized and savage way of life. The Hutterites live in established communities with many modern conveniences. The Sambia is a black tribe, while Hutterites are white. After these obvious differences, it is hard to imagine that there would be anything in common be tween the two groups. Looking deeper into the groups, it is easy to find several instances where they have very similar societal threats. both the Sambia and Hutterite groups face threats from inside their communities. These internal threats can be very minor to something that might tear the group apart. One example of an internal threat comes from the sex differences that exist in each group. Both the Sambia and Hutterites have specific male and female gender roles. The Sambia men are the warriors, leaders and hunters. The women cook, raise children and gather certain crops. In the Hutterite community, the men are farmers, both group and spiritual leaders, and top of the hierarchical ladder. The women have the household duties of cleaning, cooking, child rearing and clothes making. There is no deviation from these distinct gender roles. In both societies, women are seen as being beneath the men and having to follow the orders of men.In both of these groups, the women marry in from an outside group. The women come into the home of the husband, with all of his family and friends surrounding them. She does not know anyone there, and must start anew. This and the distinct gender roles lead to male and female subcultures. The Sambia women do not understand the mens rituals, make fun of them and do not share in the joy they receive from the process.

Comparison of the Use of Nature by Shelley and Wordsworth Essay

Both Shelley, in Ode to the West Wind, and Wordsworth, in Intimations of Immortality, are very similar in their use of temper to describe the life and finale of the human spirit. As they both describe character these two poets use the comparison of how the Earth and all its life is the equivalent as our own human life. I feel that Shelley uses the seasons as a air of portraying the human life during reincarnation. Wordsworth seems to concentrate more on the stages that a person goes through during life. Shelley compares himself to such things as clouds, leaves, and waves. He is writing the poem as if he were an object of the earth, and what it is like to once live and then break down only to be reborn. On the other hand, Wordsworth takes images like meadows, fields, and birds and uses them to show what go ons him life. Life being what ever a person needs to move on, and with out those objects cant rescue life. Wordsworth does not compare himself to these things like Shelley, but instead uses them as an example of how he feels about the stages of living. Starting from an infant to a young boy into a man, a man who knows wipeout is coming and can do nothing about it because its part of life.When a man becomes old and has nothing to seem front to he will al guidances verbalism suffer, jeopardize to what are called the dandy old days. These days were full of young innocence, and no worries. Wordsworth describes these childishness days by saying that A single Field which I create looked upon, / Both of them speak of something that is gone The Pansy at my feet Doth the comparable tale repeat Whither is fled the verbose gleam? Where is it now, the glory and the dream?(190) Another example of how Wordsworth uses nature as a way of dwelling on his past childhood experiences is when he writes O joy That in our embers / Is something that doth live, / That nature yet remembers / What was so fugitive (192) Here an ember represents our fading years throug h life and nature is remembering the childhood that has escaped over the years. As far as Wordsworth and his moods go I think he is very touched by nature. I can video him seeing life and feeling it in every flower, ant, and piece of grass that crosses his path. The emotion he feels is strongly suggested in this line To me the meanest flower that blows can contribute / Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears. (193) Not only is this showi... ...d of this poem Shelley asks, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? (678) instanter I wonder if this is just another line emphasizing rebirth and the similarities between the seasons. Or is Shelley saying this because he is getting the sense that the closer he gets to death the more he questions whether rebirth is real.So after close examination of both these pieces of literature I feel that the differences between these two poets is that Wordsworth looks back on how life was and Shelley wonders whats after death. I would have to say that theyre very similar in the way that they use nature as a way of portraying human life. The use of how nature affects them and their love for nature brings me to that conclusion. So what makes these pieces so powerful? Really its not the reasoning between life and death its the comparison of how other living things on Earth that we take for granted are similar to us as a human race. When these two poets look at a flower or a sunset they see more than just a pretty flower or a pulchritudinous sunset they see what life is made up of, which is wonderful at times and ugly at other times. Like the saying goes you cant have neat without evil. Comparison of the Use of Nature by Shelley and Wordsworth Essay Both Shelley, in Ode to the West Wind, and Wordsworth, in Intimations of Immortality, are very similar in their use of nature to describe the life and death of the human spirit. As they both describe nature these two poets use the comparison of how the Earth an d all its life is the same as our own human life. I feel that Shelley uses the seasons as a way of portraying the human life during reincarnation. Wordsworth seems to concentrate more on the stages that a person goes through during life. Shelley compares himself to such things as clouds, leaves, and waves. He is writing the poem as if he were an object of the earth, and what it is like to once live and then choke only to be reborn. On the other hand, Wordsworth takes images like meadows, fields, and birds and uses them to show what gives him life. Life being what ever a person needs to move on, and with out those objects cant have life. Wordsworth does not compare himself to these things like Shelley, but instead uses them as an example of how he feels about the stages of living. Starting from an infant to a young boy into a man, a man who knows death is coming and can do nothing about it because its part of life.When a man becomes old and has nothing to look prior to he will alwa ys look back, back to what are called the good old days. These days were full of young innocence, and no worries. Wordsworth describes these childhood days by saying that A single Field which I have looked upon, / Both of them speak of something that is gone The Pansy at my feet Doth the same tale repeat Whither is fled the utopian gleam? Where is it now, the glory and the dream?(190) Another example of how Wordsworth uses nature as a way of dwelling on his past childhood experiences is when he writes O joy That in our embers / Is something that doth live, / That nature yet remembers / What was so fugitive (192) Here an ember represents our fading years through life and nature is remembering the childhood that has escaped over the years. As far as Wordsworth and his moods go I think he is very touched by nature. I can aspect him seeing life and feeling it in every flower, ant, and piece of grass that crosses his path. The emotion he feels is strongly suggested in this line To me t he meanest flower that blows can give / Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears. (193) Not only is this showi... ...d of this poem Shelley asks, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? (678) straightaway I wonder if this is just another line emphasizing rebirth and the similarities between the seasons. Or is Shelley saying this because he is getting the sense that the closer he gets to death the more he questions whether rebirth is real.So after close examination of both these pieces of literature I feel that the differences between these two poets is that Wordsworth looks back on how life was and Shelley wonders whats after death. I would have to say that theyre very similar in the way that they use nature as a way of portraying human life. The use of how nature affects them and their love for nature brings me to that conclusion. So what makes these pieces so powerful? Really its not the reasoning between life and death its the comparison of how other living things on Ea rth that we take for granted are similar to us as a human race. When these two poets look at a flower or a sunset they see more than just a pretty flower or a pulchritudinous sunset they see what life is made up of, which is wonderful at times and ugly at other times. Like the saying goes you cant have good without evil.

Discrimination Of Adolescents :: essays research papers

The discrimination of adolescents has steadily increased over the years. Adults and media of modern day society discriminate all adolescents look based on a small minority of teens. This is due to the behavior of adolescents, the medias perception of teens, and as a result, the only way to end this madness is a compromise.First of all, the behavior of adolescents is a main cause of discrimination. Adolescents want attention from society by prompting inappropriately and claiming it as individualism. The new generation of adolescents acts differently mainly because they wee-wee too much freedom there is no one to discipline them. In the past, when adolescents did poorly or behaved inappropriately in school, they were often punished in the form of physical abuse. Mr. H, a high school teacher did poorly in school when he was young. The principal had beat him and called his parents. When his parents found out, they beat him and took him stick out to school to meet the principal. Mr. H was beaten once again by both parties in the principals office. Youths were disciplined back then further nowadays there are no consequences for their faults, so youths abuse their rights on a regular basis. Additionally, youths are jealous of adults. Adults possess privileges which youths do not such as smoking, watching X-rated movies, and drinking. This factor forces youths to act older than they really are so they can receive the same privileges but youths drain to realize that they are not adults. So by smoking, watching X-rated movies, and drinking, adolescents have earned a bad reputation. However it is a small minority of youths that act this way, and they are ruining the reputation of adolescents as a whole. These individuals are the rotten apple spoiling the barrel.In another case, adolescents are discriminated because of the way youths are envisioned by the media. First of all, the media mainly focuses on negativity. There are rarely any reports on righteous events. In movies, teens are hooligans and thieves. In the movie neat Lies, the protagonists daughter stole money and had a punk boyfriend on a motorcycle. The media is also famous for producing bad role models such as Eminem. All adolescents have role models to look up to. The message Eminem sends out through his music encourages teens to act disgraceful. Again, it is the small minority of teens who look up to bad role models and act inappropriately that ruins the reputation of adolescents as a whole.

The Negative Impact of Low Wage Jobs Essay -- Dead End Jobs

What if one had to work ache hours, with countless hours of no sleep, a stress level that was skyrocketing, earning money that could b bely support a family? There is a charr approximately the age of xl working full time at a restaurant. Her hands were wrinkled from washing dishes in bleach water. A few white hairs pretend grown beneath her thick, black hair. Dark bags are under her eyes, which deliberatems as though she does not accomplish much sleep. This is how the average low working employees suffer numerous people are stuck in this crisis. Behind this woman the truth has not yet been seen, but these truths will soon be revealed. The forty year aging woman comes home with a backache and eventually when her conditions get worse she would have to go see a doctor. However, there is one problem she does not have medical insurance and she stacknot afford to go see a doctor when she is already behind with her bills and rent. She has enough stress at home and she works rock y to make ends meet, but it is not enough. Low enlist jobs negatively affect the physical and psychological state of the working poor.Many households cannot survive with one income. Prices are going up, and low income families are struggling in this economy, which mean parents must work more than one job. Twenty two percent of U.S workforce earns $22,350 per year--an numerate that means families of four subsist at the mendicancy line (Lehigh). Americans who are living paycheck to paycheck cannot afford to miss a few shifts because it can leave families struggling to pay rent and purchase groceries. These people work day and night scraping every penny they can earn. They take no days off which can cause problems to their health. jibe to researcher Davis J. Paul Leigh at the University of Ca... ...tional Injuries UC Health. Low-wage Workers Vulnerable to Impact of Occupational Injuries UC Health. N.p., 17 Dec. 2012. Web. 21 May 2013.Spross, Jeff. Low- salary Jobs codt Just Ha rm Workers They Harm Their Children. ThinkProgress RSS. N.p., 7 Dec. 2012. Web. 21 May 2013.Johnson, Justin. The Effects of Minimum Wage on Health Care EHow. EHow. Demand Media, 30 Nov. 2010. Web. 21 May 2013.Shemkus, Sarah. Increasing the Minimum Wage Pros & Cons. Salary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 May 2013.Greenwald, Robert. Walmart The High Cost Of Low Prices FULL MOVIE. YouTube. YouTube, 01 November 2005. Web. 21 May 2013.Ehrenreich, Barbara. Nickel and Dimed On (not) Getting by in America. New York Metropolitan, 2001. Print.Schlosser, Eric. flying Food Nation The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 2001. N. pag. Print. The Negative Impact of Low Wage Jobs Essay -- Dead End JobsWhat if one had to work long hours, with countless hours of no sleep, a stress level that was skyrocketing, earning money that could barely support a family? There is a woman approximately the age of forty working full time at a restaurant. Her hands were wrinkled f rom washing dishes in bleach water. A few white hairs have grown under her thick, black hair. Dark bags are under her eyes, which seems as though she does not get much sleep. This is how the average low working employees suffer Many people are stuck in this crisis. Behind this woman the truth has not yet been seen, but these truths will soon be revealed. The forty year old woman comes home with a backache and eventually when her conditions get worse she would have to go see a doctor. However, there is one problem she does not have medical insurance and she cannot afford to go see a doctor when she is already behind with her bills and rent. She has enough stress at home and she works hard to make ends meet, but it is not enough. Low wage jobs negatively affect the physical and psychological state of the working poor.Many households cannot survive with one income. Prices are going up, and low income families are struggling in this economy, which mean parents must work more than one jo b. Twenty two percent of U.S workforce earns $22,350 per year--an amount that means families of four subsist at the poverty line (Lehigh). Americans who are living paycheck to paycheck cannot afford to miss a few shifts because it can leave families struggling to pay rent and buy groceries. These people work day and night scraping every penny they can earn. They take no days off which can cause problems to their health. According to researcher Davis J. Paul Leigh at the University of Ca... ...tional Injuries UC Health. Low-wage Workers Vulnerable to Impact of Occupational Injuries UC Health. N.p., 17 Dec. 2012. Web. 21 May 2013.Spross, Jeff. Low-Wage Jobs Dont Just Harm Workers They Harm Their Children. ThinkProgress RSS. N.p., 7 Dec. 2012. Web. 21 May 2013.Johnson, Justin. The Effects of Minimum Wage on Health Care EHow. EHow. Demand Media, 30 Nov. 2010. Web. 21 May 2013.Shemkus, Sarah. Increasing the Minimum Wage Pros & Cons. Salary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 May 2013.Greenwald, Robert. Walmart The High Cost Of Low Prices FULL MOVIE. YouTube. YouTube, 01 November 2005. Web. 21 May 2013.Ehrenreich, Barbara. Nickel and Dimed On (not) Getting by in America. New York Metropolitan, 2001. Print.Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 2001. N. pag. Print.

The Degradation of Character of Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Degradation of Character of Macbeth The tragedy, Macbeth, was written by William Shakespeare in 1606. over the course of the play the main character, Macbeth, undergoes a continuous degradation of incorrupt character. This change of character from good to evil significantly impacts Macbeths attitude towards the other characters, Duncan, Banquo, doll Macbeth, and the witches. The first of the four characters is Duncan. Since Macbeth interacts with Duncan only a minimal amount before Duncans death, Macbeths attitude towards him changes very rapidly. Before Macbeth hears the witches first prophecy, he is very loyal to Duncan, and would neer even consider lifting a finger against him. When the thought of murdering Duncan occurs to Macbeth immediately after learning that he has been named Thane of Cawdor, Macbeth cannot believe he might yield to that suggestion / Whose dire image doth unfix my hair / And make my seated heart knock at my ribs (I.iii.133-35). In scene 5 of act 1, however, his vaulting ambition(I.vii.28) is starting to land over, but partly because of his wifes influence. He agrees that they must catch the nearest way (I.v.17), and kill Duncan that night. On the other hand, as the time for murder draws near, he begins grown himself reasons not to murder Duncan First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against the deed then, as his host, Who should against his murderer shut the door, Not bear the knife myself (I.vii.13-16). When madam Macbeth enters, she uses her cunning rhetoric and intellection techniques to convince Macbeth that murder is, beyond the shadow of a doubt, the right thing to do. He then tells her I am colonized(I.vii.79). He is firmly seated in his beliefs that killing Duncan is the right thing to do--until he performs the murder. He is then so horrified by the act that, for a moment, he forgets where he is or whom he is with. We learn from the murder that Macbeth truly had faith in the king and was very loyal, but under the combined forces of his wifes persuasion and his own vaulting ambition, he is put in an evil frame of mind just long enough to kill Duncan. This murder permanently alters him from his moral state of mind. Soon Macbeth lacks any remorse for murdering Duncan. The second character Macbeths attitude changes toward is Banquo.

Ratio

Ratio decidendi and obiter dicta Learning objectives At the end of this module, you will be able to * take away between proportionality decidendi and obiter dicta. * apply well-established rules to identify the balance decidendi in a decision. This module is intended as a useful exercise in revision. If you ar certain that you understand how to discover the balance in an opinion, you should skim lightly over this hearty. What is the dimension decidendi? As you probably give from your studies, the term dimension decidendi is a Latin dialect which means the the primer coat for deciding. What exactly does this mean?In simple terms, a ratio is a ruling on a point of law. However, exactly what point of law has been decided depends on the facts of the case. The importance of material facts As Goodhart A L (18911978) pointed out long ago in the 1930s, the ratio is in pratical terms inseparable from the material facts. Goodhart observed that it is by his choice of material facts that the judge creates law. By this Goodhart meant that the courts decision as to which facts are material or non-material is highly subjective, yet it is this inital decision which determines a higher or lower level of stimulus generalisation for the ratio.Goodharts reformulation of the concept of the ratio was the subject of het debate, particularly in the 1950s. Compare Goodharts concept of the ratio with Lord Halsburys affirmation that Every judgement must be designate applicable to the particular facts proved, since the generality of the expressions which whitethorn be order there are non intended to be the expositions of the whole law except govern and are qualified by the particular facts of the case in which such expressions are to be found. Lord Halsbury (1901)What, if any, is the difference between Goodharts material facts and Halsburys particular facts? What are obiter dicta? Obiter dicta is a Latin phrase substance things said by the way. Obita dicta are not binding (unlike the ratio), but they may be regarded as persuasive in a in store(predicate) decision. The weight given to dicta usually depends on the seniority of the court and the eminence of the judge in question. Obiter dicta are judicial opinions on points of law which are not directly relevant to the case in question.They are made when a judge chooses to give some indication of how he or she would decide a case similar, but not identical, to case under consideration. These statements are a lot meant to clarify the legal principle which the judge proposes to apply in his or her judgement. For this reason, obiter dicta often take the form of analogies, illustrations, points of contrast or conclusions based on hypothetical situations. Obiter dicta in one case might be adopted as ratio decidendi in subsequent cases. This occurs when a situation regarded as hypothetical by one judge arises in a subsequent case.Distinguishing between ratio and obita is not always simple. When ques tioned regarding the difference between ratio and obiter, Lord Asquith once remarked that The rule is quite simple If you agree with the other bloke you say it is part of the ratio if you dont you say it is obiter dictum, with the implication that he is a congenial idiot. Although intended humorously, this remark has a good measure of truth. Ratio decidendi and obiter dictaHow well do you recall the concept of the ratio decidendi from your undergraduate studies?Take a moment to read through the following statements * A ratio decidendi is not an abstract principle, to be apply in a deductive fashion to a later case. Instead the ratio is a ruling on a point of law in relation to a specific case. * Only the ratio binds an inferior court. Cases themselves do not bind. * If the court is not required to make a ruling on a point of law, its decision will not give rise to a ratio. * There is no requirement for each judgement to contain a single ratio and no more. Multiple rationes are qui te normal. Not every statement of law contained in a decision is necessarily ratio or obiter. A judge may refer to a principle only to express his or her disagreement or for the sake of completeness. For a statement of law to be ratio or obiter, the judge must express his or her explicit agreement with the principle. These are not mere niceties of legal doctrine. cathexis these points in mind will help you when you come to identifying the ratio in a judgement. Finding the ratio decidendi Identifying the ratio in a judgement is a great deal difficult.Judges are under no obligation to label the different parts of their judgement as ratio or obiter. In most cases, you need to read the entire judgement to determine the ratio. Some of the reasons for this include * length of judgements. Many judgements are peakly lengthy and are written in dense, legal language. The ratio may not be expressed in a single sentence or even a single passage. * the lack of an explicit ratio. The extreme example of this is the judgement in Raffles v Wichelhaus 1864 2 H&C 906. This famously consisted of a single sentence There must be judgement for the defendants. the existence of multiple problems of argument. Some arguments will be ratio, others will be obiter and others might be neither. * uncertainty regarding which facts were material to the judgement. Judges sometimes overleap to indicate which facts are significant and which are not, making it difficult to determine the appropriate level of generality at which a ratio should be stated. In some instances, a case will establish a legal principle which is refined over time, being broadened or narrowed as the offspring of successive judgements. Why does influenceing the ratio have to be so hard?At the Tenth Commonwealth Law Conference, Bennin F A suggested that it would be better if adjudicate were more explicit regarding the legal rules which they set down in their decisions. The answer given by Kirby J on this occasion was that judges would be reluctant to do so as the discursive nature of their judgments is the historic basis of the development of the common law. Bennion has argued that there seems no reason why a judgement could not contain both a brief legislative passage and an accompanying discursive explanation.What difficulties, if any, can you see with this pinch? Ratio in appellate decisions The problems associated with identifying the ratio in the case decided by an somebody judge are multiplied in the case of appellate decisions. Most applelate courts sit with a an uneven number of judges. To discover the ratio of an appellate decision, you need to determine the ratio in the case of each individual judgement. The rule is that only the rationes contained in the majority judgements need to be considered.If a majority of judges agree on the same reasoning, you have identified a single ratio. Otherwise, there might be multiple rationes, or even none. Cases without a ratio In a some cases, t here may be no majority support for any particular ratio. In such instances, subsequent courts tend to assume that all that is binding is the judgement itself. This means that subsequent cases will be decided on the basis of the decision only when the material facts are almost identical. This is not a purely theoretical possibility.In Paykel v Commissioner of Taxation (1994) 49 FCR 41, Heerey J applied the judgement of the majority in Hepples v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1992) 173 CLR 492, despite the lack of a discernable ratio in the former decision. Finding the ratio There are a number of rules of thumb that you can use to determine the ratio decidendi. These include * discern the facts which the court regarded as material from those which appeared unimportant. * discover the precedents applied. These will provide an indication of the courts approach. * in deciding the ratio, restrict your analysis to the opinions of the majority judges. read subsequent decisions to find how the decision has been interpreted. The ratio that becomes recognised as a rule of law may not be the ratio that apparent in the original judgement. The outlast point is one that is sometimes overlooked. In many instances, the ratio in an individual judgement is less important than the legal principle for which a line of cases can be cited as authority. When reading a judgement, consider it at several level. Apart from reading the decision for what it actually says, read it also in terms of its subsequent reception.Assess the arguments of the judges and the advocates in the context both of the case and the future development of the law. If you are building an argument on the basis of a particular case, it is often dangerous to look at the case in isolation. In finding the ratio, it is often useful to consider the way in which judgements are written. Although there is no standard model, they often follow a broad pattern. In most cases, the judgement is divided into three sections * the facts agreed or turn out * the range of applicable legal principles * the application of the appropriate principle to the facts.There are a number of formal tests that have been devised to assist in discovering the ratio. Two of the best(p) known were developed by United States jurists these are Goodharts Test and Wambaughs Test. Goodharts Test Goodhart proposed these rules for finding the ratio decidendi * The principle of a case is not found in the reasons given in the opinion. * The principle is not found in the rule of law set forth in the opinion. * The principle is not necessarily found by a consideration of all the ascertainable facts of the case, and the judges decision. The principle of the case is found by taking account (a) of the facts treated by the judge as material, and (b) his decision as based on them. * In finding the principle it is also necessary to establish what facts were held to be immaterial by the judge, for the principle may depend as much on excl usion as it does on inclusion. Goodharts Test has gained considerable popularity. However, as stated above, it is not without its critics. Wamboughs Test Eugene Wambaugh (18561940) developed an older, but still useful, test. Warmboughs Test first appeared in a book published in the United Sates in 1894.Like Goodharts Test, Wambaughs rules focus on the question of what facts are material and which are not. Wambaugh begins with the observations that * no matter how accurate a legal bid may be it does not necessarily form part of the ratio decidendi. * the proposition is not governed by all the facts, but by the material facts. Wambaugh recommends that you take the following steps if you think you have identified a potential ratio in a judgement * frame the legal principle that you have identified from a judgement. invert a word or phrase which reverses the meaning of the principle. * ask yourself, if the court had the inverse principle in mind when reaching its decision, would it ha ve reached the same conclusion? * if the answer to this question is yes, then your original proposition cannot be the ratio. Note that Wambaughs Test works only with cases with a single ratio. Summary This module dealt with the following * distinguishing between ratio decidendi and obiter dicta. * applying well-established rules to identify the ratio decidendi in a decision.

Missouri Compromise 1820 Essay

northernerners finally were receiving the outcome that they had wished for with thralldom slowly declining at the can of the 18th century. southerlyern economilcal dependancy on slavery was slowly withering away payable to the Act of 1808, stating that by that time slavery would not be allowed. delinquent to this Southerners were forced to change their means of production and the use of slaves. When the 19th century arrived it brought the wile of the Cotton Gin. This invention, created by Eli Whitney, assisted in speeding the picking of cotton by removing the seed. The entirely flaw in this was that it relied on even more unintentional fag. Slaves were found perfect for the handlying of this machine it was easy to manufactor and as easy to work.. From this, Southerners found it now more than ever nessesary to hault the abolition of slavery do to the economic successfulness that lied ahead because of the Cotton Gin. In Southern eyes, slavery was a better choice than forfe it labor.IN the case of using free labor Southerners couldnt be totally dependent on the person because they might demand things much(prenominal) as higher wages. If free laborors were refused what they asked, Southerners faced the risk of them return working. Because you owned a slave Southerners would never have to worry about such a situation. This threat of prolonging slavery enabled the major conflict amid The North and South arise. The Southern view of this conflict was that out-of-pocket to the economical advantages that slavery rbought and the economical disadvantages that an abolition with bring to the states, that the slew of slavery should be considered a nessasary malevolent. Not only this, that some even believed that slavery was doing blacks a favor.They believed that even in Africa balcks had owners, that they are always fed, and are treated better as slaves then they would be as free blacks. Northerners disreguarded any attempt in thoifying such a matter and stood by there point that slavery was not right. Northern annulnists fought back and said that slavery went again the fundamental priciple on which America was built on Equality and freeddon. Not only immoral and criminal still went again the Declaration of Independece which clearly states that all men were created equal with no exceptions. The Norths morality and Souths Economic self-interest, and both sides refusal to compromise left hand the issue in a stalemate. By the North fueling the fire with such articles like The Liberator, inspiring slaves to revolt, and other emancipationist moves, the North forced the southwestward nearly to fight back in order to protect themselved from future revolts and incidence fueled by enraged slaves.The Missouri Compromise made the divide between the North and the South more evident that it had ever been. This compromised, proposed by Henry Clay, declared that Missouri would enter the unification as a slave state, but every other state that was North of the Ohio river and Mason-Dixon line. Though this did stop slavery it gradually decreased it. In additon to this another factor was the that all states would be admitted into the union in pairs in order to balance the slave states as fountainhead as the free states. Still enraged, Northerners demanded the instant abolishment owed to the moral breach that slavery incompassed. They believed that slaves were being treated and stripped of there rights as a humane being. In American Slavery As It Is the author, Theodore dyers rocket, describes his view on how it really is for the slaves of the south and the treatment they are force to endure by their slaveowners.That their ears are often cut off, their eyes knocked out, their bones broken, their flesh branded with red-hot irons that they are maimed, mutilated and burned to death over slow firesthat self interest would prompt them to treat their slaved with kindness By writing such things, Weld precisely encouraged abol itionists to fight harder and harder for their cause. Such cases as the ones he mention cant be said never happened but are surely rare if so. Due to the tone in writng that is used though, wel makes his words acidulated and strong which hardlyly, the Southerners take their place to fight back at. In actuality most southerners were not as Weld describe because they realized that the better you treated a slave and healthier it was the more work that it could accomplish for you. Not only this, but due to the harsh rigid tone of his words, Weld, gives whoever is reading this no option towards working out some sort of compromise between North and South but quite just relies on getting things done.Abolitionist works, such as The Liberato,r aided in aggravating the South. William Loyd Garrisons The Liberator, was printed as a Boston proabolitionist paper in which Garrison referrs to Southerners to being sinners and that slaves should do anything to get out of the miserable situation t hat they are in, even if that means blacks revolting against their. He as well brings up the issue of blacks being equals with whites. Assenting to the self-evident truth, and endowed by their Creator with certain enalienable rights-among which are life, liberty, and persuit of happiness. Garrison, here, clearly explicates how by having slaves not be free we are going against everything that the declaration stands for and represents. Some say that Garrisons The Liberator might have even sparked the rebellion led by Nat Turner in which Turner gathers up a group of slaves and killed over fifty white southerners.Southerners were so fearful of more rebellion that it led them to create even harsher rules for slaves. In Federick Douglass Independence Day Speech at Rochester Douglass writes of how white southerners are fearful of blacks and that is the reason why there are such harsh laws against them reading and writing. What is this but the awknowledgment that the slave is amoral, itell ectual, and responsible being? Douglasss Articular only further depicts that Southerners were in fear or the capability that blacks would have if they were learned. By keeping slaves ignorant they prevented slaves from reading such abolitionist articles which could fuel an angry mob. Due to a fear of angry mobs and revolts Southerners were foreced to lay stricter rules as Civil Codes and the restriction on abolitionist literature.In Thomas Dews Review of the Debate in the Virginia Legislature Dew discusses how the white race and black race could never coencide because if blacks were free there would just be an array of massacres led by angry blacks. Southerners Spent more time on the issue of protecting themselved from a threat of slave rebellions due to abolitionsit literature sparking rebellions than any other matter. In George Fitzhughs Slavery Justified he discusses further on the matter of slave rebellions and how if black werent slaves their anger would just lead to more crime s and violent incidencs. In the matter of slave abuse he stats that its ridiculous His feeling for his slave never permits him to stint him in honest-to-goodness age. The slaves are all well fed, well clas, have plenty of fuel, and are happy.In response to the accusation of slave owners abusing their slaves, other Southerners replied by saying that incidents such as the ones which Weld discusses are isolated and uncommon. In fact it most cases it is the frigid of circumstances. In Solon Robinsons De Bows Review Robinson takes the opposite stance that Weld takes and says on the contrary that slave owners would never do such abuse to there slaves because they were too valuable to them. Robinson says The Two things that are most despised and hated in the South are masters that abuse and starve and ill-treat their slaves, and abolistionists, who sieze upon every isolated case of the kind As say before, abolitionist kept on exagerateing the slave situation in order to attempt to spee d up the process of getting rid of slavery when they were only furthering it because of Southerners needing to defend themselves against false accusations.Finally besides the matter of slave abuse and the morality of the situation, the South argues that due to the mass production of cotton that slaves help produce, if we abolish slavery America would be in an economic crisis. Because of the low production of cotton that there would be after an emacipation, labor woul be inconsistent, because free workers would be inconsistent and require more and we wouldnt be able to forfill our internation al demand for cotton.In William Harpers Source Problems in the United States level Harper says The cultivation of the grat crops cannot be carried on in any portion of our own country where there are no slavesAnd what would be the eefect of putting an end to the cultivationannihilating,at a range,two thrids or three fourths of our foreign commerce? From this we can see that slavery was no easy matter and that it too more economic thinking to get rid of Slaves. Perhaps more than the North thought.Though both the South and the North make legitimate reason for their not wanting(p) or wanting the emancipation of slaves, it seems that due to the North the process or reaching compromise was delayed unneccesarily. Instead of thinking about the economical blow emancipation would cause the North ruthlessly kept attacking the Souths morality. The South realized that without slaves for a bit longer they wouldnt be able to make a full economic recovery once emancipation was inacted. But because of the attacks and harsh literature being published by abolitionists, the South spent more time in trying to protect themselves from slaves getting ideas from these works than trying to figure out a plan to resolve the issue with the North. It seems as if the issue could have been quickend if the North hadnt made such quick and damaging attacks.

Tutorial solutions

Customers descent name, address and contact details Type of knowledge (economic / opposite) Other details ensure business exists and invoices endure be posted to the correct address . Years customer has been in this business Other establishes track record and history 3. Total assets and estimates of values of assets in the business economical establishes size of asset base of business 4. Total liabilities ( lend commitments) Economic establishes how much the business currently owes others to assess the extent of claims against assets 5.Profits of the business for the closely recent and previous periods Economic used to assess whether the business generates sufficient profits to cover the payments that leave have to be made of their narrative 6. accredit references Other enables Ashley to follow up with other businesses the customer already has accounts with, to assess whether the customer has paid their accounts in time and in full 7.Details Of any corroborative or s ecurity that can be provided should the customer default on their payments Economic and other Ashley go away want to ensure that the business will be able to recover any unpaid amounts by claiming from a third party or having a claim over the assets of the business Page 2 of 19 Exercise 1. 7 Factors in making a government decision Consult the relevant business journal or newspaper member and identify the acts of your case involving an important government decision. Identify the key government decision involved.Discuss the impact of the decision and its relevance to the press and community. Factors to be taken into account in arriving at a government decision embarrass 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. The nature of the government decision. The government policy dictating the decision. The political impact of the decision. Identifying all parties affected by the government decision. Identifying all the stakeholders (I. E. Parties to which the decision will have a positive or negative impact). Identifying any particular lobby or special lodge in groups involved with the Issue.Identifying the available funding or resources available for the government decision. How is the government initiative to be funded? Identifying the cost of the initiative. Was the decision made in a consultive manner? Was at that place much political debate or commentary? manageable gains or losses anticipated to be experienced by the community. Possible alternatives which could have been employed by the government. Was the resultant decision considered to be the most efficient use of community resources? Page 3 of 19 Exercise 1. Economic decisions made by circumspection Required Provide examples of economic decisions that the following people would need to make with the use of accounting reading A conductor in a sales department Of a shoe store A factory manager The manager of a realm cricket team The manager of an animal shelter which relies on donations for funding Manager of a sales department Decisions about number of ply required, and when the busy times be (for additional staffing) type and quantity of stock to purchase (based on historic sales figures), cost of inventory researched (for deciding on selling prices and specials / discounts / sales during the overture season) average length of time for which stock is held stock on hand at any point in time (for purposes of re-ordering) latest fashion trends selective information about the demographics of the customer base to enable portion stock to be held and appropriate prices to be set. Factory manager Decisions about appropriate factory staff levels appropriate plant and machinery capacity to run the factory costs of raw materials, labor and overhead, such as electricity, in order to make decisions bout goods to be manufactured, production mix costs of occupational health and safety to make decisions about the most cost effective way to achieve compliance.Manager of a state cricket team Decisions about the selection and costs of players and coaching staff appropriate playing and training Venues and their location to the centre of the city sponsorship enticements and entitlements purchase of appropriate sporting equipment for training and match days. Manager of an animal shelter Decisions about the cost of collection systems to receive donations and the most appropriate method of obtaining nations the cost of maintaining animals in the shelter such as food and veterinary costs overheads such as electricity, insurance and premises the costs of full-time employment in the shelter, and the management of volunteers. Page 4 of 19 Exercise 1. 10 The trivial business owner What types of economic decisions would a person wishing to start their own small business be required to make?How could an accountant assist in making these decisions? The following are examples of the types of economic ( pecuniary) and non-financial decisions a small business owner would have t o make A clear definition of the product or service that is to be provided (non- financial), and what the business will charge for these products or services (financial) this will determine the projected or likely income How the business will be funded will the owners put all the money in or will there be other owners or lenders (non-financial and financial)? How the business will market its product or service (non-financial), and how much it will cost to do this? Financial) Where the business will be located (non-financial), and what the rental cost will be (financial) How much staff will be required, what skills do they need to perform their jobs properly (non-financial), and how much will they be paid (this will have to be benchmark against other businesses in the same industry or using staff with identical skills and experience) What equipment or other assets are required to start the business (non- financial), and how will these be acquired and at what cost (financial)? Will the business be registered for SST? What accounting and information systems are required for the business (non-financial and financial)?This should be adequate to provide information o the owners, and accurately capture transactions that take place, (including any SST components thereof) The above are just some examples of decisions that will need to be made by a person wishing to start a business. There are more others, and it should be noted that many decisions have both a financial and non-financial component it is therefore often difficult to make non-financial decisions without considering the financial implications and impacts of those decisions. Accountants can help small business owners With the selection of an appropriate accounting system, with regulatory acquirement such as registering for SST, registering a business name, and applying for tax numbers and other tax obligations (such as PAYS) as required this will depend on the size of the business and what staff will hired.They can also assist by providing the financial information and assisting in the drafting of a sound business plan that covers all the likely financial impacts of the decisions to be made. They can provide book-keeping and page 5 of 19 accounting services to maintain accurate financial records for the business and assist in preparing income tax returns, SST returns and other regulatory porting requirements. Accountants can also help a small business owner prepare a budget for the business, forecast cash flow requirements, and make decisions about which assets to purchase and how best to finance them. CHAPTER 2 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR DECISION MAKING DISCUSSION QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS 2. Define the terms, assets, liabilities, and equity. Are these terms related in anyway? If so, how?Assets are defined in the Framework as resources controlled by the entity as a result of onetime(prenominal) events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. Li abilities are defined in the Framework as present obligations of an entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying economic benefits. Liabilities require future payments from assets, generally in the form of cash, or the proceeding of services to cancel them. Equity is the owners claim to (or the residual interest in) the assets of the entity afterward deducting all its liabilities. The basic accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Equity) indicates the relationship between assets, liabilities and equity.From the equation, the total assets of the entity adequate the total claims against those sets by creditors and owners. Creditors claims take precedence over owners claims, and owners are seen as the ultimate risk-takers in the entity. Thus, equity is a residual claim on the assets of the entity after liabilities are fully paid, and the basic accounting model which expresses this idea distin ctly is Assets Liabilities = Equity 3. A local restaurant is noted for its fine food, as manifest by the large number of customers. A customer was heard to remark that the secret of the restaurants success Was its fine chef. Would you regard the chef as an asset of the business? If so, would you include the chef on the balance sheet of the business and at what value?Suggested topics of discussion Asset definition Assets are resources controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. Does the chef provide future economic benefits to the entity? Yes. Is the chef controlled by the entity? In Page 6 of 19 many cases, it is limpid that he/she could not be controlled by the entity (e. G. He/she can resign when he/she likes, can take sick days). He/she cannot be acquired or exchange by the business, I. . They do not have rights to possess him/her. How would you value the chef as an asset? Usually you have s ome idea of the life of the asset, however, the restaurant would not know how long the chef would be working for them (this argument relates back to controlling the asset). 6.Discuss the significance of the following boldnesss in the preparation of an entity financial statements (a) entity assumption (b) accrual solid ground assumption (c) going concern assumption (d) period assumption (a) Entity Assumption If the transactions Of an entity are to be recorded, classified and summarized onto financial statements, the accountant must be able to identify clearly the boundaries of the entity being accounted for. Under the accounting entity assumption, the entity is considered a separate entity distinguishable from its owner and from all other entities. It is assumed that each entity controls its assets and incurs its liabilities. The records of assets, liabilities and business activities of the entity are kept completely separate from those of the owner of the entity as well as from th ose of other entities. The accounting entity assumption is important since it leads to the derivation of the accounting equation. ) The accruement Basis Assumption Under the accrual basis of accounting, the effects of transactions and events are recognized in accounting records when they occur, and not when the cash is received or paid. Hence, financial statements report not only on cash transactions but also on obligations to pay cash in the future and on resources that represent receivables of cash in future. It is argued in the Framework that accounting on an accrual basis provides significantly better information about the transactions and other events for the purpose of decision making by users of financial statements than does the cash basis. C) The Going Concern Assumption According to the Framework, financial statements are prepared on the assumption that the existing entity is expected to continue operating into the future.It is assumed that the assets of the entity will n ot be sold off and that the entity will continue its activities hence, small town values (prices in a forced sale) of the entity assets are not generally reported in financial statements, as this assumes that an entity is to be wound up. When management plans the sale or excretion of the entity, the going concern assumption is then set aside and the financial statements are prepared on he basis of estimated sales or liquidation values. The significance of the going concern assumption is in the valuation Page 7 of 19 placed on the assets of an entity in the mentis financial statements. The statements should identify clearly the basis upon which asset values are determined going concern? Or liquidation? (d) The Period Assumption For financial reporting purposes, it is assumed that the total life of an entity can be divided into equal time intervals.Hence, the financial performance of the entity can be determined for a given time period, and the financial session of the entity can b e determined on the remainder day of that reporting period. As a result of this assumption, profit determination involves a impact of recognizing the income for a period and deducting the expenses incurred for that same period. Together, the period assumption and accrual basis assumption lead to the requirement for making balance day adjustments on the last day of the reporting period. These adjustments will be considered in a later chapter.

What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Selling Cosmetic Products Through Door-to-Door Selling, Specialty Stores, Department Store Counters, and Supermarkets and Hypermarkets?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of selling augmentative products through entrance-to-door selling, specialty line of descents, incision store counters, and supermarkets and hypermarkets? ?Door-to door selling The advantage of using door-to door selling is the salesperson behind make initiative to go around door-to door to work customers to buy the augmentative products instead of waiting the customers to visit your shop. The company is able to save money for setting up a visible shop which commonly costs a lot. Besides, there is no need to take attention on the design and decoration of the shop and display of goods.Sometimes, the customers really have no intention to buy the products, but due to continuous persuasion of the salesperson, they buy it in the end. Using door-to door selling method has a great potence to earn unlimited revenues. It is also considered convenient to customer as products are delivered directly to them. Salesperson can explain the functions of the cosmetic products and recommend what is suitable for the customer face-to face and one-by one. This is typically vital in sales of cosmetic products as each person suits different kind of cosmetic products and customers will have wads of question to ask the salesperson.It is important to provide good services to customers in door-to door selling. On the other hand, there are also disadvantages of using door-to door method to sell cosmetic products. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, customers might have lots of questions about the cosmetic products and cause time consuming. particularly for cosmetic products, for those who have been using, they will be loyalty to particular brand and will non change dramatically which appears to be risky as they do not know whether the new brand suits them even you kept on persuading them.It is difficult to provide consistent good quality of services. Besides, it is also difficult to employ and agree salesperson due to the unattract ive working conditions. Most of the people will reject to attend to the salesperson. As a result, the salesperson may even not have a chance to promote the products. ?Specialty stores Firstly, specialty store for cosmetics provide professional services by trained salesperson and beauty consultants. This can attract many consumers as they can save money to consult a professional consultant and yet can get recommendation, free canvass of their skins, newest information and trends.Specialty stores also provide full range of merchandises of specific cosmetic brand. This provides convenience to customers. Specialty stores can also be renovated and designed based on the theme or concept of the brand. This is helpful to build the identity of the brand in order to attract more customers. However, to train the salesperson and beauty consultants, the store has to spend a lot of money and time. And also, it is very costly to renovate the specialty stores. Without sufficient and a big amount o f fund, it is totally impossible to prevail a specialty store.Specialty stores might not be able to attract customers who initially do not have interest in this brand to rate in. In addition, specialty stores have to put in effort to draw traffics on their own, unlike selling products in department stores and supermarkets. ?Department store counters scenery counters in department store is the most popular channel in cosmetic products. Department store attracts all groups of customers and offers a wide variety of brands of cosmetic products to customers.The cost of setting up counters in department store is much less compared to setting up a specialty store. However, setting counter in the cosmetic products department is very competitive as all different brands of cosmetic products are put together in a particular area. Especially for cosmetic products, customers can go to every counter and try each product. Customers can just walk around and compare among the brands. Besides, the space is rather miniscule and has to put in great effort in the location of displaying the products to attract customers. ?Supermarkets and hypermarketsSelling cosmetic products in supermarkets and hypermarkets cost cheaper. Usually there is no salesperson promoting the products, then can save money on recruitment. Basically, most cosmetic products sold in the supermarkets and hypermarkets are basic, lower-priced mass products. Without salesperson, the cosmetic products appear to be less attractive. Furthermore, identical to setting counters in department stores, supermarkets will diversify their products into different departments. Thus, all cosmetic products will be placed together which is highly competitive.

Blind Ambition Leads to One’s Destruction Essay

Talmud once said, Ambition destroys its possessor. People who are overly ambitious will ultimately be destroyed on the way to the top. It is a warning that those who are not humble will stumble on their way to greatness. He enlightened a major shell by one of the worlds most well-known writers, William Shakespeare. There were many conflicts in Shakespeares tragedy, Macbeth, exactly one of the major conflicts was Macbeths mark to become King.Macbeth was a brave and courageous soldier who, unfortunately, let his blind ambitions lead to his downfall in the end. Three primary reasons this happened was because of his wife, his gluttony for power, and his betrayal toward his friends. The depression example is maam Macbeth, otherwise none his wife, who wants power and will do anything to get it. The second example is Macbeths growing liking for power subsequently he pour downs the king. The last significant example is when Macbeth kills his friends and their families.His wife, his gluttony for power, and the betrayal of his friends exemplify of what it truly means to be blinded by a want for something that is potentially untouchable in the end. First off, Lady Macbeth is Macbeths sneaky wife who convinces him to kill the king. King Duncan was a trusting man who loved and respected Macbeth. Lady Macbeths thirst for power all started when she received a letter from her husband. The letter mentioned how the three witches told Macbeth that he was going to become Thane of Cawdor and now he wants to celebrate, but doesnt want Lady Macbeth to tell anybody.After she reads the letter, she looks up and says Yet do I fear thy nature /it is to a fault full o th milk of human kindness/To catch the nearest way thou wouldst be great, /Art not without ambition, but without/The illness should attend it (1. 5. 3-7). Although Lady Macbeth didnt have any hard feeling towards Duncan, she wanted to be queen. She was willing to do anything to light upon her goal. Overall, even th ough she knows her husband wants to be king, she thinks he is too weak to actually pursue what is wanted.Moreover, Lady Macbeths thirst for power fed Macbeths want for power. At first, Macbeth was very hesitant and scared to kill Duncan because he thinks that there will be consequences awaiting him in the next world. If it were done when tis done, then twere well/It were done quickly. If the assassination/Could trammel up the consequence, and catch/With his surcease/success that but this blow/Might be the be-all and the end-all here, /But here, upon this bank and shoal of time, /Wed jump the life to come (1. 7. 2-7).More specifically, Macbeth says that if he could achieve his goals merely by killing Duncan, without any consequences here on Earth, he would risk the dire consequences that could await him after death. Furthermore, Duncan was his friend who had high respects for him as a soldier. After Macbeth killed Duncan, his lust for power grew more and more with each passing day. Furthermore, Macbeths lust for power led to the betrayal of his friends. One day, sequence Banquo was in the forest, Macbeth sent 3 murderers to assassinate him.Banquo was Macbeths best friend, a brave and noble general. His children, according to the witches prophecy, would inherit the throne of Scotland. Macbeth murdered them to eliminate threat. Banquo was likewise ambitious like Macbeth, but those thoughts never translated into actions. In addition, Macduff was a Scottish nobleman who was the leader of the crusades. He was opposed to Macbeth becoming King from the very beginning. The witches told Macbeth that Macduff had asleep(p) to England and to get back at him, Macbeth killed Macduffs wife and son.The crusades mission is to place the rightful king, Malcolm, on the throne, but Macduff also wanted strike back on Macbeth. If thou beest slain, and with no stroke of mine, /My wife and childrens ghosts will haunt me still (5. 5. 18-19). Macduff also wants Macbeths head because he thinks his wife and small frys ghosts will haunt him forever if someone else kills Macbeth. Even though ambition is a good quality to have, it can still have tragical results if it becomes the center of a persons life.In Macbeths case, there were three many concerns that caused Macbeths downfall Lady Macbeth, a growing lust for power, and the betrayal of loved ones. Lady Macbeth is a deeply ambitious woman who thirsts for power and will do anything, even corrupt her own husband to hold up the position as the queen. Macbeths want for power came from his wifes lust for power. The gluttony for power that was caused by Lady Macbeth led Macbeth to do homicidal things such killing the king and his best friend. Ultimately, sometimes its not always the goal that leads to ones destruction, but the path they choose to need it happen.

Information Systems and Information Technology Essay

A combination of hardware, software, infrastructure and trained personnel organized to facilitate planning, control, coordination, and decision do in an organisationContrast IS and ITWhat is the difference between Information Systems and Information Technology? In Computer Terminology, Technology, Information TechnologyEdit categories AnswerInformation Systems is a erect umbrella referring to systems designed to create, store, manipulate, or disseminate information. Example of an information system is a pencil and a piece of paper. The two objects themselves are just tools, that together they create a system for writing (information). The term Information systems has been around a lot longer than the computer, or the term information technology. These days the two are sometimes thought to be synonymous, only if that, in most cases is a misconception.Information technology falls under the information systems umbrella, but has nothing to do with systems per say. IT deals with the technology involved in the systems themselves, e.g. an information system like wiki.answers.com contains many information technologies. Servers, server operating systems, web-server software (IIS, Apache, et al), and code pen for the web-server software (PHP, C, VB, PERL, Ruby, et al). Even your computer and browser make up part of this information system. Like the pencil and paper example, each one of the mentioned separate of this information system in itself is an information technology.That being said, most people in the profession no longer make a distinction. Moreover, companies call their IS/IT part a wide range of titles based on more on culture and tradition than anything else.Assist With Business ProcessesInformation systems aid businesses in create a larger number of valueadded-systems in the company. For example, a company can integrate information systems with the manufacturing cycle to ensure that the output it produces complies with the requirements of the various eccentric management standards. Adoption of information systems simplifies business processes and removes unnecessary activities. Information systems add controls to employee processes, ensuring that only users with the applicable rights can perform certain tasks. Further, information systems eliminate clamant tasks and increase accuracy, allowing employees to concentrate on more high-level functions. Information systems can also lead to better project planning and implementation through utile monitoring and comparison against established criteria.

Hip-hop in the South Bron Essay

whack surfaced in the s divulgeh Bronx and the northeast atomic number 18as of New York in the early and mid 1970s. Hip vamoose was so named because of its intrinsic beat. Its popularity began to attach exp onenessntially in the 1980s (Bertram, 1999, p. 42). Hip Hop exists not only in a symphonyal theater theater frame. Hip- jump as it is known today withal wreaks a style of dress, a searching language, a particular perspective of viewing the world as well as an expressive form that reflects the feelings of a large section of jejuneness who were born between 1965 and 1984 (Aidi, 2004, p. 108).The hep- jump destination consists of at four distinct elements. Disc jockeying (DJ-ing), break dancing, graffiti art, and tapdanceping (emceeing) be the avenues whereby coxa-hoppers represent the sentiments of articulatio coxae joint-hop (Marshall, 2006, p. 50). The movement has evolved from the streets of the Bronx into a highly commercially musical form with associated mega- franchises repeating the benefits of its success. Hip hop artists feature prominent among Americas top radio post and on MTV. Hip hop has accordingly moved from just a locally specific form to contain an international following (Bertram, 1999, p. 2).Rap has emerged as the more or less commercially successful aspect of hip hop and it is primarily through this expressive medium that the hip-hop culture is proliferated globally (Bennett, 1999, p. 2). Rap delineates a style of vocal representation in which rhyming lyrics are vocalized or rapped to the undertones of a continuous beat. This breakbeat is created by a DJ who utilizes a twin-turntable record deck and combines portions of vinyl records into new music. Scratching is also a defining characteristic of rap music. Here on record is scratched to the beat of another record by using the needle on the record deck (Bennett, 1999, p.2). Among the rap groups that were prominent during the initial development of hip hop Bennett (1999) notes the Zulu Nation which was formed by Afrika Bambaataa, a former member of a street gang. Hip-hop has now become an avenue for minorities to express social and political sentiments and to speak out against repressive systems. American hip-hop emerged as a successor to the civil rights and black power movements which sought to empower blacks in a racially segregated society. The musical form arose out of an effort to redirect resentment among the youth of the South Bronx away from gang fighting.The hip-hop movement therefore is inherently antagonistic to despotic systems. The musical aspect of rap has been observed to encourage violence (Gordon, 2005, p. 367) and, according to Aidi (2004) it also brings pathology and dysfunction (p. 110). Its structure therefore makes it an area of contention among political actors who dislike the often negative, anti-establishment messages that it presents. Because of rap musics in particular gangsta rap support and promotion of violence, it h as become a serious issue of concern for the white middle and pep pill classes which feel the most targeted by its messages.Hip-hop necessarily speaks to inner-city blacks, Latino youth and even white nutrition in the suburbs who themselves have felt the effects of oppressive capitalist system. Hip hops lump as a cultural form arises from its ability to connect intimately with the experiences of black youth since hip hop is about lending a voice to the otherwise underrepresented black community. As Bennett (1999) observes, hip hop has always been and remains directly connected with the streets from which it came (p. 2).However hip hop is not strictly an African-American cultural form even though it has tended to be discussed exclusively in these ground. As hip hop substantial it has been adopted by sections of the white US underclass who identify with the messages that it presents. While acknowledging that the hip hop movement did indeed emerge within the inner cities of Amer ica, Bennett (1999) suggests that its cultural resonance is not authentic to the experiences of African Americans within the inner city of the unify States. Its broader roots are grounded in the historical situation of Africans in the diaspora.Therefore it is suggested that the real roots of hip hop is in the en hard workerment of Africans between the sixteenth and 19th centuries. Even though the slave trade and slavery have long been abolished, blacks within Africa and former slave colonies, such(prenominal) as the West Indies, have continued to struggle against the capitalist regimes of Europe and now America. Blacks within these regions have been migrating into the UK and the US in order to escape political and religious persecution or to secure a better standard of living and better opportunities for themselves and their families (Bennett, 1999, p.3). Hip hop, like other music forms, therefore represent an avenue whereby these individuals can communicate shared feelings throug h the message of music as well as encourage organization and mobilization. Within rap music, artistes attempt to undo the economic dependency of blacks and to speak out against cultural imperialism through the promotion of art forms that are distinctly Africa. Therefore it has become increasingly seeming(a) that hip hop no longer appeals solely to youth within the African-diaspora but it attracts youths from very various socio-cultural backgrounds (Bennett 1999, p.4). Globalization of culture has facilitate the movement of the hip hop culture across national boundaries and has also caused the development of distinct local forms of this now international art form (Dennis, 2006, p. 271). Rap is believed to have arrived in Colombia in the 1980s soon after its upsurge in the US. This was possible because of the cross movement of Colombians into the United States. In Colombia hip hop has established its presence and popularity among the coun submits urban youth. Devotees to rap are pred ominantly mestizos.Afro-Colombian rappers are changing traditional perceptions of culturality and race through the performance of music (Dennis, 2006, p. 271). Afro-Colombians identify with the oppressive feelings felt by African Americans and therefore rap music has a particular appeal for them. more or less rappers are also from the lower socio-economic classes and many have lived under extreme poverty. Additionally in terms of education, many of the artistes that are attracted to hip hop within Colombia have not completed high teach and none so far have had a university education (Dennis, 2006, p.272). Youths within Colombia experience racial discrimination, particularly within urban centers where young black Colombians come into direct contact with the dominant culture and antiblack ideologies and behaviors (Dennis, 2006, p. 274). The music of rap has been reinterpreted within the Colombian scenario so as to emphasize the performers ethnic-racial identities as well as the cu ltural significance of their localities (Dennis, 2006, p. 271). Artistes have been mixing rap with Afro-Colombian folklore and other Latin American and Caribbean expressions such as salsa and reggae.They promote the rights of ethnic minorities and advocate their cultural, musical and racial identity. Like the Colombian masochistic views, rap in this country is also male-dominated. It becomes evident that the Colombian hip-hop culture generally maintains Western concepts of male roles. On the rap scene Afro-Colombian rappers promote leftist, anti-capitalist, and anti-globalization sentiments. Few deal with matters of race or examine the issue of racial discrimination within the Colombian context.Dennis (2006) observes that it is not till recently that a few Afro-Colombian rappers have been addressing racial concerns through music. Some black rappers in Colombia are now using rap to celebrate their ethnic and racial heritage and also pointing to racial discrimination. Within the UK pa rticularly within Newcastle upon Tyne hip hop has attracted a white following. The area consists primarily of the white working class. There is a small population of Asian and Afro-Caribbean natives residing in the area but these groups have little or no impact on Newcastles cultural environment.A small hip hop-following community has emerged within Newcastle and a few outlying areas such as Gateshead, Blythe and Cramlington but it is equally of little general cultural impact. Hip hop in Newcastle has an intrinsic whiteness to it (Bennett, 1999, p. 6). Black conscious sentiments are echoed here. The followers, though not personally affected by the equal oppressive issues as blacks, find intimate connections with the concept of blackness echoed by hip hop music. Its themes are also of relevance to the white working class community.These followers do not believe that hip hop can be understood only in terms of the African-American context. They therefore try to represent hip hop as a medium through with they can express their views on issues by which they are affected on a daily basis. They embrace the view, therefore, that hip hop music is able to identify with the experiences of the white working class youth in Newcastle (Bennett, 1999, p. 10). Newcastle hip hoppers have developed a form of self-styled local hip hop.Hip hop is therefore being limited by the youths in Newcastle so that it becomes a more localize mode of expression so that it resounds with the temperament of their own particular local circumstances (Bennett, 1999, p. 15). Within the Czech Republic the adaptation of hip hop is primarily an underground movement. This movement is influenced by dissatisfaction with the local drug culture. Hip hop in the Czech Republic is therefore quite distinct from the American form. Hip hoppers here oppose the flashy bling-bling fury of the western form.It rather represents a mixture of foreign and local elements but which is distinctly unique. Only ternary o f the four forms of hip hop have been successfully adapted and manipulated within the Czech Republic. Break-dancing is probably the most popular but spraying and rapping are also practiced. DJ-ing has not been possible because of the absence of the necessary technology. moreover the Czech form of hip hop necessarily preaches a different message because the majority of Czech youth do not understand the language used in American rap, even if they force field English in school (Bertram, 2003, p. 42).This barrier has therefore resulted in hip hop within the Czech Republic developing, according to Bertram (2003), a different soul. Even in Jamaica, the home of reggae, hip hop has had a significant amount of influence (Marshall, 2006, p. 49). Dancehall music, a variant of reggae, is said to have developed based on the strong hip hop influence on the countrys music. REFERENCES Aidi, H. (2004, Jul-Dec). Verily, there is only one hip-hop umma Islam, cultural protest and urban marginality. so ciableism & Democracy, 18(2), 107-126. Bennett, A. (1999, Feb). Rappin on the Tyne white hip hop culture in Northeast England an ethnographic study.Sociological Review, 47(1), 1-25. Bertram, D. (2003, Spring). Czech hip Republic hop. New Presence The Prague journal of Central European Affairs, 5(1), 42-43. Dennis, C. (2006). Afro-Colombian Hip-Hop Globalization, popular music and ethnic identities. Studies in Latin American customary Culture, 25(271-295). Gordon, L. (2005, Oct-Dec). The problem of maturity in hip hop. Review of Education, Pedagogy & Cultural Studies, 27(4), 367-389. Marshall, W. (2006, Mar/Jun ). Bling-bling for Rastafari How Jamaicans deal with hip-hop. Social & Economic Studies, 55(1 & 2), 49-74.

Education and Essay School Uniforms Essay

SCHOOL UNIFORMS should not be abolished. Schools some the world would not be the same should the rules change. The gap between the sizeable and the light widens as rich students will definitely put on their branded garment to show off their wealth charm the students from average-income households might feel inferior as they could not get a chance to experience the luxury. In this essay, I will demonstrate how the failing of uniform provides us with a powerful sense of unanimity and gives us better self-restraint.When students are not wearing enlighten uniforms, they may claim that their daily clothes are more(prenominal) comfortable then school uniforms. However not all(a) students are as fortunate as others. Those who can afford more expensive clothing will certainly handle those who are not as rich as themselves. This will cause much discrimination against the poor students. With wearing school uniforms there is no need to figure out what to wear every daytime and there is more concentration on academics. Instead of competing over who is wearing what, there is more focalise on the daily school work. In many cases, girls try to dress provocatively or to outdo one another. Using school uniforms takes away these distractions.Moving on to my second point, uniforms make the school more secure. Should all the students wear their own clothes, it would be much easier for a terrorist, to enter the school. If the whole school wear different clothes, sneaking into the school will be incredibly easy for a terrorist to enter. Wearing uniforms dramatically reduce the schools security risks. The guards will not have to check all the students if school uniforms are worn.The wide array of colours and designs of clothes that students put on act as a source of distraction. Their colour combinations induce topics of discussion among students that they lose concentration over their studies. Students will then become very concerned about their peers wear. There is no t really a need to look mythological in school. Schools are places for studying not a fashion show. School uniforms can abolish all the fanciful thoughts, allowing the students to be able to focus during lesson time. All this shows that abolishing school uniforms will prove useless.As a conclusion, wearing school uniforms gives the students a variety of benefits, the most prominent being the sense of unity instilled in the students who wear school uniforms, the security benefits and the sense of self-restraint. The abolishing of school uniforms will not help. In my opinion, school uniforms should not be abolished.

“Metamorphosis” by Franz Kafka Essay

Metamorphosis. This means a potpourri in form, structure, or appearance. Change is a major theme throughout Franz Kafkas novella, The Metamorphosis. on that point is a significant relationship between the title, The Metamorphosis, and the theme of change. Kafkas main character, Gregor Samsa, undergoes many changes and his transformation evokes change in his family.Several metamorphoses take place involving Gregor. First, a physical change occurs When Gregor Samsa woke up one break of the day from unsettling dreams, he found himself changed in his bed into a monstrous vermin. After that happened, Gregors voice changes from valet de chambre into the voice of a bug. That was the voice of an animal, Gregors manager said, but the words seemed perfectly clear to him. first-class honours degree to see things less and less, Gregor experiences a change in his vision. An example, found on page 29, would be Gregor sightedness the hospital less and less distinctly. A mental change in Grego r occurs when he starts not care about or having no consideration for his family. It hardly surprised him that he was showing so slight consideration for the others once such consideration had been his greatest pride.Everyone in the Samsa family experiences changes brought on by Gregors metamorphosis. Since Gregors physical change renders him no longer able to work, the familys financial situation changes. Gregors mother, father, and babe have to drop dead jobs. Mrs. Samsa, Gregors mother, sews lingerie for a local clothing store. His sister, who took a job as a salesgirl to help the family,also learns French in the nonethelessing so she might get a better position in the future. Mr. Samsa, Gregors father, takes a job as a courier for banking institutions. Turning into a bug, Gregor causes a lack of harmony among the family members. They keep away from him and will not even look at him.Now, because they are afraid of Gregor, at least two people always tolerate home together. Lifestyles that they used to have change. No maids want to stay. On the very first day the maid- it was not completely clear what and how much she knew of what happened- had begged his mother on bended knees to dismiss her immediately.. (26) Besides that, the necessity arises to involverooms out to three borders to add to their income. Grete, willingly at first and unwillingly at the end, does everything for Gregor, such as clean his room and give him his food.After the remainder of Gregor, the familys feelings change from despair to forecast and happiness. Death brings about a positive change in the way they now see Grete, as compared with the way they perceived her when Gregor was alive. Now to them Grete had blossomed into a good looking good-looking, shapely girl. (58) Also, they wish to marry her off. In addition they plan to move into a new, more manageable home in which they can aline relief.As the seasons bring life and death changes in the world of nature, so to in th is story, does the life and death of Gregor Samsa bring profound changes not only to him as an individual but also to the lives of the others around him.

Shakespeare Sonnet Analysis

Nowak Enriched Language humanistic discipline 11 Period 7 13 December 2011 magazine A Giver and Ravager Shakespeargon uses tranquility, somberness, and hopefulness as elements of the conception in Sonnet 60. He begins the sonnet as a metaphor, Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore, compare time to a tide. Waves could represent peacefulness and one at ease because a tide is strike and continuous. Later on the tone becomes more dark and depressive, And time that gave doth now his gift confound. / Time doth mesmerize the flourish set on youth / And delves the parallels in beautys brow (9-10).Shakespeare expresses the fact that time gives the gift of life, only also takes it away with death while destroying natures perfection, Feeds on the rarities of natures right (11). In the couplet, hope is seen because he says And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand, / Praising thy worth, in spite of his inhumane hand. He anticipates that his words give not be destroyed by time and will continue to praise his beloved. The sonnet begins with tranquility, however then changes to somberness, yet Shakespeare still ends with words of hope.Shakespeare is telling the listening a lesson of time. Minutes are continuously coming, So do our minutes hasten to their end (2). He seems to be wrapped around the theme of time passing by and also trying to scrap time, Crooked elipses gainst his glory fight (7). Time can give yet also take, it is inevitable. It is the reason for birth, mortality, and change, but only words can withstand time. Imagery is a key peace to this insightful sonnet. The archetypal line is an illustration to show time as the ocean Like as waves make towards the pebbled shore. employ the sun to represent a humans life, Nativity, once in the main of light, / Crawls to maturity, wherewith being go pastd, / Crooked eclipses gainst his glory fight. Nativity is the birth, then one maturing into adulthood, and finally trying to fight or equ ipage death. He personifies time as it is passing in the couplets last words, despite his cruel hand (14). Time is the owner of the hand and the cruel hand is the elements of time. Mental images of Sonnet 60 are time passing, the cycle of life, and the personification of time.Shakespeares hope that his verse shall stand, (13) is now a fact. His message is being studied and analyzed in this assignment. This proves that even though his life has ended, his words of wisdom have defied time. Time does pass while giving and annexing life. It is ceaseless and unchanging. Everyone experiences time every day and because it is inescapable, Shakespeare expresses and characterizes time but its eternity is why it is relevant to today. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Sonnet 60. Shakespeares Sonnets. Oxquarry Books Ltd. Web. 8 Dec. 2011. www. shakespeare-sonnets. com

Summary on Globalization

Globalization describes an ongoing process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a network of communication and execution. Globalization is often term or refers to economic sphericization i. e. the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, international direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. The driving forces of globalization atomic number 18 a combination of Economic, Technological, Socio-cultural and Political factors.Scholars show the increasing economic integration and interdependence of national economies across the world through a quick increase in cross-border movement of goods, service, technology, and capital. It can be said that globalization is the door to global resources that opens up to the international market. Economic and financial globalization and the expansion of world trade have brought substantial benefits to countries nigh the world. B ut the current financial crisis has put globalization on hold, with capital flows reversing and global trade shrinking. in that respect are countless indicators that illustrate how goods, capital, and people, have become more globalized. The value of trade (goods and services) as a percentage of world GDP increase from 42. 1 percent in 1980 to 62. 1 percent in 2007. Foreign direct investment increased from 6. 5 percent of world GDP in 1980 to 31. 8 percent in 2006. The stock of international claims (primarily bank loans), as a percentage of world GDP, increased from roughly 10 percent in 1980 to 48 percent in 2006. The physical body of minutes fatigued on cross-border telephone calls, on a per-capita basis, increased from 7. 3 in 1991 to 28. 8 in 2006. The number of foreign workers has increased from 78 one thousand million people (2. 4 percent of the world population) in 1965 to 191 million people (3. 0 percent of the world population) in 2005. There is a long debate most the e ffects of globalization, as the most common phenomenon that we heard is the capitalizing the resources of developing countries by certain countries, brain drains as opportunities in richer countries droves talent away.In many poorer nations globalization is actually the result of the foreign businesses investing in the country to take advantage of the lower wage rate, foreign resources and engraving more markets. The anti-globalization movement developed in opposition to the perceived negative aspects of globalization. The group represents a wide range of interests and issues. Opponents of globalization take down out to its negative effects. Some of them are listed below. Globalization has led to exploitation of labor.Prisoners and child workers are apply to work in inhumane conditions. Safety standards are ignored to produce cheap goods. Job insecurity. previous people had stable, permanent jobs. Now people live in constant dread of losing their jobs to competition. Terrorists have entree to sophisticated weapons enhancing their ability to inflict damage. Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countries with poor regulation of pollution. Fast food chains like McDonalds and KFC are spreading in the developing world. community are consuming more junk food from these joints which has an adverse impact on their health. Local industries are being taken over by foreign multinationals. The increase in prices has reduced the governments ability to sustain social welfare schemes in developed countries. Multinational Companies and corporations which were previously restricted to mercenary activities are increasingly influencing political decisions. It is important to ensure that the gains from globalization are more broadly overlap across the population.For this purpose reforms to strengthen education and training would help ensure that workers have the appropriate skills for the evolving global economy. Policies that broaden the access of financ e to the poor would besides help, as would further trade liberalization that boosts awkward exports from developing countries. Additional programs may include providing adequate income support to moderate, but not block, the process of change, and also making health care less dependent on continued employment and increasing the portability of gift benefits in some countries.

Creating a Plan for a Culturally Diverse Classroom Essay

Creating a Plan for a Culturally Diverse Classroom - Essay ExampleClassroom differences do not only acquaint ethnic and racial groups but also religious and political groups. These differences may affect the students behaviour towards their branchmates, teachers and other people. Learning about the diversity in a classroom willing not be easy. The differences of the students will take extra effort, patience, creativity, attentiveness and guts on the part of the teacher. However, a teacher must be able to work out the lie withs and differences in a multicultural classroom to help build a stronger foundation for the students growth and development. The teacher should cause an atmosphere of tolerance, acceptance, and caring the in environment. This diversity demands more work, sincerity, solution and understanding. Thus, to address these issues, a multicultural education was developed. According to Gollnick and Chinn (2006), multicultural education is educational scheme in which students cultural backgrounds are used to develop effective classroom instruction and school environments. This educational strategy carries the concept of diversity, equality, culture, social justice and democracy in the classroom (Gollnick, Chinn, 2006). These concepts are the foundational areas that are given magnificence in the developed strategy. It is in truth important that we give meaning and sentiments to the issue of multiculturalism. Thus we need to create an atmosphere of tolerance, acceptance, and caring in our classroom environment to promote harmony and commonality to the students. Diversity has coarse been an issue and thus we can only address this if we somehow demand conformity. If we embrace multiculturalism in our classroom, it gives us the chance to practice the students with democracy on which our state was founded. Thus, despite the diversity, we need to commit to find tender language of unity and mutuality based on equality and respect and to gain courag e to eccentric the fears of differences. Teachers should be able to address the diversity and unequal power relations because these have huge come to on a students and groups capacity to classify and achieve their throw ambitions and purpose. These differences can lead to confusion and misperceptions that would plaintually cause conflict. In the near future, these differences will end in political alliances. The coalitions respond to both perceived and real dominations and subordinations faced by such groups. Strong feelings of unity and patriotism stemmed from these perceptions and may result in armed conflicts in tribes, ethnic groups, and religious communities and even across the state. Thus, as early as in the classroom, we should be able to help create a unified and unbiased setting despite the differences. The Plan To be able to help address the issue on multiculturalism in a certain classroom, the teacher should be able to implement and handle the class very well. Before anything else, orient the students of the learning activities that are going to be implemented and taught during the school year. Also, rationalize the objectives and outcomes of activities thoroughly. Also, set academic standards and expectation and make sure that these have been explained and understood by the students. Students have diverse understanding and interpretation of every topic discussed in class. Thus it is very important to explain very well the teacher

The Soviet Afghanistan War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Soviet Afghanistan War - Research Paper ExampleThe international affair in the war prepared an unsophisticated and unorganized guerilla force for sustained combat trading operations that lasted over 9 years and demoralized one of the worlds largest superpowers, consequently paving the elan for its downfall (Arnold, 1985). Afghanistan enjoyed a healthy relationship with the Soviet Union during most of the 20th Century. Ever since the Russian Revolution in 1919, The Union of Soviet Socialist Re normals had taken an active role in the legions and economic functioning of Afghanistan. In fact, it was widely acknowledged that USSR and Afghanistan were very close allies and this often unbalanced other political strongholds such as the United States of America and China. This relationship became official in the aboriginal 1950s when USSR sent billions in economic and military aid to Afghanistan. In 1978, the Afghan Army, which favored the PDPA (the verbalize of the lot of Afghani stan), caused overthrew and murdered Mohammed Daoud Khan, the ruler. Soon after, Nur Muhammad Taraki, Secretary General of PDPA became President and Prime Minister as well. at once again, PDPA was divided internally into factions, Khalq (the masses) lead by Taraki and Hafizullah Amin and Parcham (flag) by Babrak Karmal and Mohammad Najibullah (Arnold, 1985). These conflicts resulted in violence, kidnappings and executions of many Parcham members and further deteriorating relations between the two factions. The problems that Afghanistan faced regarding ethnic and sectarian friction and violence deteriorated in the PDPA regime. Ever since the 1970s, Daoud Khan had pretermit and angered the Pashtun creation of Afghanistan. Furthermore, Afghanistan had cemented problems with Pakistan as well after Daoud had urged his hardline Pashtunistan policies to Pakistan. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the Pakistan president at the duration reacted by training the Jamiat-e-Islami militants against Daouds secular regime. Although these rebels were unsuccessful in overthrowing the government, the roots of an organized Islamic Rebellion had been gear up in place and their power would be seen in the years to come. During the first two years of his time in office, Taraki employed a liberal approach to governance by modernizing reforms. Many of these changes were seen by the masses as being anti-Islamic, something that greatly inflamed many. For example, the changes put forth by Taraki regarding land reforms and marriage rules were seen as going against the tradition in which this Islamic country was so deeply immersed. So infuriated was the populace that soon rebellions broke out in the country in mid 1978 with people attacking public buildings and military strongholds. Soon civil war had spread finishedout the country. So dire was the situation that in September 1979, President Taraki was killed after a palace shootout Hafizullah Amin took power. The Taraki and Amin governments were similar in practice some(prenominal) employed Soviet-style governance, establishing reforms that hurt property owners and Islamic sentiment. Inevitably, there was great opposition to these reforms and major unrest through the country which was dealt violently by the government. Large parts of the country went into open revolt against the government. By 1979, 24 of the 28 provinces of the country had surges of violence and instability. The situation was worsened when an American Ambassador to Afghanistan, Adolph Dubs, was kidnapped and killed by militants with the help of the Soviet Union communists. Afterwards, the United States officially expressed its disapproval to the Soviet Union putting strain on